Gravity Waves On Venus Sparks Interest As Researchers Weigh In

Venus might be the closest look-alike to Earth we can get in our Solar system. It is likely dubbed as Earth’s sister planet due its similar size, mass, proximity to the Sun and composition. But that’s not why it has caught the eyes of scientists from all over the world. Huge waves have been spotted over the Venus atmosphere and what’s more mysterious is that these patches are stationary even though the clouds in the Venus atmosphere moves 100 meters per second.

What could be causing these unnatural patches? 

Since its discovery scientists and researchers have come forward with theories and the most plausible among them relates to the phenomenon widely observed on Earth and named as “Gravity waves”. These waves stretching over 6200 miles were created in the atmosphere just above the mountains by gravitational pull from the mountains as they flew over them. This would be a first time that these waves are observed on a planet.

What are Gravity waves? 

Gravity wave is an atmospheric phenomenon commonly seen on Earth surface that is laid with mountains. Roughly speaking they are formed when air ripples over rough and bumpy surfaces. The waves then move upwards and grow larger and larger in amplitude until they break just below the top of the clouds. It is speculated that the tall mountains over the Venus surface serve as a key factor in creating these giant gravity waves. Though the mechanism of the wave formation between Earth and Venus are quite different, the underlying principle remains intact. This feature which denotes atmospheric flow over the mountains should not be confused with “gravitation wave” which are time ripples in early universe.

These baffling spots were taken by Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Akatsuki Spacecraft as it entered the Venus orbit in late 2015. Researchers from Rikko University in Tokyo studied these waves and published their research in the Natural Geoscience Journal this year. These stationary waves lasted for quite some time in the Venus Atmosphere and were seen between December 7 and 11. Researchers added that the most interesting and unique feature of this phenomenon was it being stationary and remaining at that exact same geographical spot despite the super rotation of the Venus atmosphere at speeds more than 100 meters.

How goods have been purchased and sold throughout history

The way we are able to sell and purchase goods have drastically changed over the centuries. However, many historical practice is still indoor today. Here's a list of how goods have been purchased and sold throughout history.

Any cultures from the China to India would sell their goods in open-air markets. And while in many cultures the open air market still endures the ancient system of bartering and trading does not. When you’re bartering in treating you are exchanging goods and services that you have for goods and services you want. This method of payment dates back to 6000 BC, which was used by many Mesopotamian tribes. Goods were exchanged for food, tea, weapons, and spices.

Salt was another popular bartering items so much so that the ancient Romans were often paid in salt. In the Middle Ages, Europeans would often travel the globe trading Furs for silks and perfumes. In colonial America hunters and gatherers would often trade pelts, meat and wild grown fruits and vegetables for other goods and services.

With the invention of money, bartering didn't completely died out it just became more organized. Due to lack of money, bartering resurfaced during the Great Depression. However, now the bartering was being done through agencies similar to Banks and a system of credit was being developed.

Another ancient system that endures to this day in the east, but not so much in the west is the concept of negotiating or haggling prices. Techniques and tricks on how to properly negotiate varies culture to culture. Example haggling in India is very emotional and usually involves arguing while haggling in China is more of a mind game where you benefit from staying cool, calm and collected.

While the way we purchase goods and services may have changed, we still can appreciate having a place to go where a number of various goods and services are offered in one location. One of the best examples of this is at samsclub.com. And while you may not be able to negotiate prices you can always find amazing deals at groupons.com.

Sudan Monks Had Their Flesh Ripped Off Before Burial

There have been many rituals during the ancient time that unveils a lot of mysteries that were buried under the debris of the past. Archaeologists have always ripped out several imperative stuffs from the womb of the Mother Earth, which helps us to get acquainted with several other things and hence our history is forged out of them. Information about ancient civilizations, kings, their lifestyle and religion describing several rituals are also revealed through the excavations.

One of the most recent researches have revealed a very gruesome and terrifying truth about the Monks that is sure to give you goose bumps. Researchers have discovered four cemeteries from the ancient time in Sudan and what was found left everyone in bewilderment as the skeletons that were buried in these cemeteries were positioned in a very weird situation with their legs being stretched at unusual angles, which became the topic for further research.

The Monks are always placed at esteemed positions because of the kind of peaceful life they lead. But this meticulous excavation seem to turn the table up-side down proving that the respectable life that these Monks of Sudan living almost 1000 years ago led met with the most horrifying ending. The skeletons indicate that the Monks went through defleshing before they were buried. Marks that were found on the skeletons suggests that after the Monks in Sudan merged into the Almighty, there dead bodies after a while used to undergo an inhuman venture were the flesh was removed from the bodies before giving them burial.

Researchers or Archaeologists belonging from the university of McMaster situated in Hamilton have excavated 123 such skeletons from the cemeteries adjacent to a Christian monastery in Sudan, not much far from the River Nile. The skeletons revealed the fact that they must have been buried almost 1000 years ago. One of the cemeteries depicted that it was built only for the monks of the monastery who were adult. The other two contained all mix varieties of individuals, while the fourth only consisted of 15 skeletons all with unfamiliar features.

Though they were buried almost 1000 years ago, Robert Stark who was the in-charge of expedition, said that the skeletons seemed to be much fresh then they should be. The reason behind this is yet to be discovered and there is still no supporting fact that would reveal the reason behind such act of undignified value. It is pretty evident that the burial system during the ancient time for monks were absolutely banal in comparison to the contemporary times.

There are several other instances revealing heart-throbbing evidences as in some tombs the archaeologists have discovered human skull and bones arranged in a peculiar manner around the burial ground. One of the brutal way of burial which we have discovered now is Mummification were the organs of the body were separated and the brain was forcefully removed from the nose. The other most extreme way of burial was discovered in Tibet where the corpses are given to vultures and the remains were left on the top.

Grieving Mother Sees the Ghost of Her Young Daughter in a Snapchat Photo

 

A grieving mother was reported to having spotted the spirit of her daughter in a snapchat picture that was clicked by her son and sent to his friend.

Patricia Winchester a 44 year old office manager and a mother was freaked out when she saw a hazy figure flying over the picture sent by her 13 year old son Hunter Bound. Hunter Bound had shared a snapchat selfie with his friend and it was not until a week that his friend had replied him back with a circle around the figure and asking him what was it.

Hunter had freaked out at the mention of the same and could not understand what it was. The picture had scared him and let him to go to his mom and share the fear with her. As soon as Winchester was shown the picture she knew it was Adrianna her little daughter who had passed away at the age of 5 in the year 2006. Winchester had understood that Hunter was terrified and he even refused to sleep in that room.

Winchester reports that there had been earlier situations too when they had spotted the same figure in their house and sometimes an unknown presence near them which had left them question many things. Winchester shared an image of her daughter in white dress spotting the same look as that which can be made out from the eerie figure in the picture and she earnestly believes that it is her daughter.

She says that it is not the first time that such incident has been reported. They have come across the situation a lot many times before. There have been situations where Hunter had told her that he felt something around and didn’t really know what it was. After Adrianna passed there was a time when they were standing outside the house and Hunter and the Dog had both been pointing upwards in recognition of something. The dog kept barking and Hunter did notice something which they were not able to make out of.

In 2013, when Winchester’s dad passed away, Adrianna did pay a visit to him. Winchester’s nephew and Hunter had been in her father’s room just before he died and they had seen their grandfather call Anna’s name and look up as if he could see her. Other times there have been situations where in some pictures there have been hazy figures sported and also the times when Adrianna’s pictures were moved from the shelf to the floor all by itself without having anyone in the house.

The activities have grown larger now and Winchester believes that she wants to seek answers for all of the acts. She believes that she wants to know of the presence and also acknowledge if she really is surrounded by her daughter’s presence. Probably the help of some paranormal expert would bring respite and solve the mysteries to calm Hunter down and also solve the mystery. And as Winchester never talks about her daughter, it is time for her to do the talking and seek the answers!

Plans for World First Floating City unveiled

 

The time has come to unveil the first floating city in the world that is all set to appear on the off shore of the island of Tahiti in Pacific Ocean.

In a deal between the government of French Polynesia and SeaSteading Institute the construction work has been finalized. The plan is backed by the founder of PayPal, Peter Thiel and is all set to go under construction in 2 years. Although it looks like a bit ambitious and a much larger project but the planning has been going on since 5 years now for a permanent and innovative community floating at sea.

The Seasteading Institute that is based in California is of the view that building up the first floating city is the first step towards making the eight great moral imperatives. The experiments are done on the floating landscapes and new ideas are being tested on the issues like feeding hungry, curing the sick and even maintaining a clean and green atmosphere.

The government has marked an approval on the project based on the proving of the two facts i.e.

• The project will benefit the local economy 
• The project is proven to be environmental friendly

The project needs additional approval by the local government and France which is the owner of the territory. The SeaSteading institute executive director Randolph Hencken says that the Institute is trying to bring in societal choice along with trying building up things that hasn’t been tried before. They don’t want to go building the city from the scratch and chosen shelter waters to make the most of it. Draft of the plan and legislation is planned to be drawn next year along with the project construction that shall start in 2019.

The floating city island is said to be built on a network of 11 rectangular five sided platforms of about 50 x 50 metres to arrange the city style according to the resident’s needs. With three storied buildings to be made in the form of apartments, the floating city is said to include aquaculture farms, medical research facilities, energy powerhouses, and healthcare systems. The first lot of people residing in the floating city will be limited to about 250 to 300 people.

The floating city although planned to be autonomous is said to have brief connection with nations and have the political independence too. The dream that was started with prospects of using the International shelter for building city was preferred to be made off the coast to facilitate the residents to go on shore and acquire shelter in times of need if the situation be.

It is also believed that building an autonomous sea stead floating city will give the people ample vision to grow and bring a change in the social, environmental and political events that influence them. They will be more open towards innovation, technology, choice of government and sustainable growth. Predicted to cost around $15 million for each platform which is around the same cost as that of a land in London or New York, the overall cost of the floating city is estimated to be $167 million.

The project is said to change the course of living, vision and the way of the fundamental level of the government.

King Solomon’s Mines, Latest Findings

In Israel Archaeologists have unveiled a Jewish State which seems to be ancient in its origin. Tel Avis’s University’s researchers have discovered the reminiscence of a well carved out, fortified military Valley in Timna which is in the southern part of Israel. These sites have been associated with the mines of a legend, called King Solomon since long time. The technique involved in terms of its Dating reveals its structure, and the smelting camps of copper seems to provide protection and researches say that it must have about 3000 years old. All this evidences adds much resources to the stories regarding King Solomon and King David.

In the Old Testament we do not get any detailed description about the mines of King Solomon. But references regarding the military conflicts that took place in the Arava Valley between Israel and Edomites is present. As per the Bible, it is believed that David travelled several miles away from the periphery of Jerusalem and then engaged himself in conflicts with the military in the desert region and alone managed to win victory over 18,000 Endomites in the Valley of Salt.

We have found differences regarding their measures of defense, that have turned out to be really progressive and fortified. We can make out how hard it would have been to carve out an effective defensive measure that too in such a remote valley. But, King Solomon had entirely been evaded in the same manner just like his treasures. There isn’t any deliberate prove of the presence of King Solomon as per the archaeologists. As they didn’t find any sort of seal or an inscription projecting his name that will second his existence.

But, evidence in favor of the Timna Valley throws light on several stuffs. The Valley which is very hot, and is a wasteland have turned out to be really very informative for the archaeologists. As in between the dirt and sand, they managed to find out many pieces of clothes, rope and food that seemed to have preserved since ages. They have also discovered that an Egyptian temple of 13th Century BC.

The archaeologists also found evidences of a society with very important developments in terms of several organizations and power structure. The only disadvantage that the archaeologists suggested was that the people in King Solomon’s reign lived in tents, so much evidences could not be found. But, if they had lived in proper houses or have been dealt in terms of industry instead of only being engaged with mining and smelting, then the facts could have been easily available by excavating.

One of a very respected archaeologist from US have projected that during his excavation he discovered vast works of copper which suggests the place’s valediction of being called King Solomon’s mines. Thus he proved the existence of the mines of King Solomon, which was a major discovery that helped several other archaeologists and historians who came later and based their excavations depending upon this valuable discovery of King Solomon’s Mines.

Jallikattu, Untold Stories behind this Tamil Tradition

Bull Chasing, Jallikattu, Manchu viratu also known as Bull taming is thousands of years old tradition of Tamilnadu. During the Harvest festival, Pongal, this tradition is carried out in most of the villages. During this the untamed bulls are brought before the crowd and the youths in the village have to tame them.

The tamed bulls are considered weak and therefore they will be sent for the agricultural and other domestic activities, the untamed bulls are considered as sacred and called us temple bull (stud bull). The temple bulls are considered head of the village cattles and are purely used for breeding.

Jalliikattu is an age old tradition of Tamil culture and it was used as a platform to show the courage of the ancient Tamil youth and to find the best bull for breeding purpose.

How Old Is Jallikattu

There are a number of historical evidences around Tamilnadu clearly giving us how old this tradition is!
The paintings on a massive rock surface at Karikkiyur of 3500 years old depicts a bull and men chasing it, the bull in the painting have a huge hump and with long and straight horns.

Another painting near Madurai depicts a man trying to control a bull.

In ancient days during the harvest festival people let their bulls on the highway or the public places. They were decorated and the village youths would try to chase them or out running them.

The others those who didn’t take part in it would watch the fun standing in the sidelines encourage their youths .

The painting on the rock surface and the bull seal got from the Harappa site (which is the Dravidian civilization) depicts the same breed of bull, showing that this custom was not limited to the southern part of India alone.

Those majestic bulls are called Zebu bulls; These Zebu bulls have the wide curving horns, fatty hump on their shoulders and heavy dewlap.

And those zebu bulls symbolize the leader of the herd (KovilKalai) whose strength and virility protects the herd and ensures the procreation of the species.

Those bulls were considered to be adapted to the harsh environment, the adaptation include resistance to the disease and tolerance for the tropical climate such as intense heat and humidity.

Archeological evidences like pottery and rock cuts suggests that the species were present in Egypt around 2000 BC hence we can conclude that they were brought from Tamil Nadu else those east Asian countries which were controlled and dominated by the Tamil rulers of that time.

The native cow breeds of India represent the largest potential source of good A2 type BCM7 fee milk. After the awareness created to the farmers; the cross breeding polices that were followed for the last few decades are being reviewed in the light of A1- A2 milk hypothesis.

And the US experts have already begun the clinical tests to modify genetically their Holstein Friesian breeds in to A2 milk producing breed, by replacing amino acid Histidinewith Proline at the 67thposition of DNA.
The cow breeds of Indian subcontinent represent the world’s largest A2 milk producing herd. Traditionally Indians have been risingon A2 milk for thousands of years. The Rig Veda refers Cow 723 times, Yajur Veda 87 times, Sama Veda 170 times and 331 times the Atharvanavedha.

This bull sport has recently been banned in the name of animal cruelty, however a simple study shows that the main purpose of Jallikattu was and is to identify the untamable bull which can be used to breed the cows of the village.

There are lots of controversies and shadow political reasons behind this ban and are being brought under microscope by student protestors of Tamilnadu.

Stud bulls or Kovil kalai are reared by people for jallikattu. The ones that win in jallikattu are much in demand for servicing the cows. Since every one cannot afford to keep stud bulls, so each village has a common temple bull which services the cows of the village.

Jallikattu is the show where those bulls are brought and exhibited. The Stud bull which is most agile (and virile) is preferred by farmers. The calves from such bulls will be healthy. Some hundred years ago there were 130 varieties of cattle breeds were available in India but unfortunately only around 35 breeds are available.

Unless we engage with the livestock keepers we will lose all of them and the commercial cattle breeds will occupy their place silently. Our Tamil literature mentions cattle as the wealth of the farmers. These traditional breeds evolved over millennium and adopting our environment and help the farmers in ploughing , transporting and source of manure. If Jallikattu is banned the farmers will forced to abandon the raising of native livestock which was already threatened due to extensive us of mechanized equipments like motor pumps, tractors and others.

Planet Nine could be a 'Rogue World' Captured from another Solar System

Caltech/R. Hurt (IPAC)

What is there in the space? Is there really any evidence of solar system and its eight planets, as suggested by Science Text books? The world out there has always remained mysterious for us and we have believed everything what we were told by our teachers and text books. We know that many researches have been carried off till date by some renowned Astronauts but the most recent discovery involves the unveiling of the mystery behind the ninth planet of the solar system. Contemporary researches have heralded the ninth planet as a ‘fake planet’. The researches at New Mexico State University have concluded that it is no less than a rogue planet that was once counted as a part of our solar system.

It is an accepted fact that the ninth planet is no way a planet as it does not comprise of the qualities of a planet. Further researches have confirmed that this unidentified object is disturbing the orbits of icy objects. Facts also claim that the reason behind why the entire solar system is tilted is because of this rogue object.

The Scientists and Astronomers believes that the number of bodies and its orbits present there in the space as parts of solar system have been disturbed by the pull of this unidentified object. The Scientists have claimed that the Ninth Planet is approximately four times the size of our planet Earth and ten times its mass. From this we can understand that the force this unidentified planet can put in will definitely be able to disrupt the number of orbits.

This Planet Nine is said to have been relying on the gravitational pull it projects on the other objects. The Astronomers are worried that if this scenario persists then the doomsday for the Earth is very near.

Vesper and his mentor Paul Mason who is a professor of math and physical science ventured out for several encounters between our solar system and the rogue planet and have discovered that there are several planets or unidentified objects on the space and the ninth planet is also one of them. He said that these kind of rogue planets are abundant in number in the Galaxy. They have been suggested to even outnumber the stars that too by a huge difference and may also be a part of the dark matter in the galaxy as a resultant of circumbinary formation of planet. It has been concluded that if the number of such unidentified objects is so far reaching then the presence of this fake planet is acceptable.

However, there have been more than 40 encounters, but the rogue would finally come to an end after being captured by the solar system. Thus, the presence of this unidentified object in the Galaxy has turn out to be the matter of research for several Scientists and Astronomers which in near future will lead to an imperative discovery that will add a new dimension to that imaginative world and its objects.

Radio Signals Traced to Galaxy Billions of Light Years Away

The search for the extra territorial life isn’t new and it has been theme of a number of science fiction literature. The common theme showcased in discovering the life in space is to send or receive radio signals back from life far away in the galaxy. Over the years of extensive research astronomers are confident enough to pinpoint a number of fast radio signals burst which in coming from the deep space. Radio signals happens to be the best or most sophisticated way of sending information about our planet and to get relatively quick response if it is intercepted from someone lurking in the space. Now scientists and astronomers are confirming that they had received some radio signals from the planets billion light years away from Earth.

The signals from deeper space

The radio signal bursts emerged from the space is extremely short lived which blasts nothing more than a millisecond. This makes it extremely difficult to track and process even given the current scientific and technologies tools but scientists of hopeful of making progress in near future. Scientists are making use of Very Large Array present in New Mexico which is specifically a multi-antenna telescope. This telescope will help in determining the precise location of the radio signal flash.

This group of scientists originated from the McGill University in Montreal and Cornell University in New York. They had already published the finding in the reputed science journal called Nature. They had also presented the very same finding at the annual conference of American Astronomical Society in Texas which left everyone spellbound with the success made by the team. The approximate location of the emerging radio signal bursts has been named as FRB 121102 by the scientists.

On the path to success

FRB 121102 is being studied over six months by the scientists and it has helped in pinpointing its exact position in the galaxy. One of the scientists associated with this research at Cornell University named Dr. Shami Chatterjee has stated that the radio flashes coming from this location is emitting huge amount of energy which is visible even from 3 billion light years, though the reason behind these bursts is mystery for the scientists to unravel.

It has been speculated by the scientists that the burst is a result of jets of matters shooting out of a black hole. Such instances has been seen in the past where an exploding backhole can appear like shiny object in the galaxy with the ability to been billions of light years away. While some scientists believe it to a magnetar closed surrounded with wide amount of debris from a stellar explosion. Since 2007about 18 FRB has been discovered by the astronomers and scientists. FRB 121102 is unique as it is continuously showing bright bursts along with weaker radio emissions coming from its region. If their finding brings some more details regarding the burst of radio signals then they will move further towards uncovering the presence of life in the space.

UFO Hunters Claim to Have Found a MARBLE on Mars

 Scientists and Astronauts are still trying to figure out whether life can be possible on Mars or not as several instances have been found that suggests that life can exist on this fourth planet of the universe. Recent discoveries have propounded that instinct of a small marble is found on the ground of Mars. This new discovery has added new dimensions both veiling and unveiling new concepts and theories towards the research to locate life on the Mars.

The Mars Rover Curiosity have recently taken pictures that depicts the presence of a small unknown element lying amon

gst the known red dusty soil and coarse rocks. Some scientist claims it to be a marble, but the most acceptable justification is that it is none other than the Spherule present in Mars, which most obviously is understood to come into formation when the volcanoes discharge molten magma rock into the atmosphere.

On 20th December 2016 a black and white picture was captured that denotes the same ball like figure on the previous place, which suggest that it not has been removed from its place due the action of some weathering agent and also portrays that the previous picture that was taken was not wrong. However, some changes were found as the surrounding of that dark, small object was found to be covered with rocks and dust.

This current picture of Mars was initiated by Nasa’s Curiosity Rover, which has been trying to unfold the reality of this fourth planet discovering new foundations related to the surface of Mars since 2011 using highly advanced technologies and cameras.

The images captured till date claims this unidentified object as none other than a Spherule that is more likely to be present on Martian ground.

Several theories have come up related to this unknown object which should be considered before reaching to a conclusion that when molten magma rock was sprayed from the volcanoes due to utmost pressure from the interiority of the earth or from the meteors present in the atmosphere was delivered into the real world perhaps there long time measure was the formation of these spherules or marble like small and dark objects. Some other suggests that these Spherules were formed when the groundwater was ejaculated through porous rocks leading to a chemical reaction that would form these small balls precipitated from iron minerals.

Most favorably the scientists have addressed it as a Martian Spherule instead of considering it as a marble or life sustaining object. To this the question arises what is this Martian Spherule? The scientists have also found an answer to this as it can also be referred to as Blueberries because of the presence of a bluish tinge. This theory regarding Mars was discovered in 2004.

Many expeditions have been carried to reveal the truth behind the most ambiguous planet. But, still no concrete grounds have been prepared on which any conclusion can be forged. Just like the dilemma behind the truth of this censored object detected on Mars.

Mysterious Tiny Mummy Stuns Experts

A Tiny Human Mummy Stuns the Experts at KIMS

The Egyptian mummies have been a subject of scrutiny and study by scientists and historians for hundreds of years. The study of these mummies reveals a lot of facts about the era of Pharos. Recently a study was conducted in the UK and it simply stunned the experts when they discovered the truth about a tiny Egyptian mummy. This mummy was long thought to be the preserved remains of a hawk, but is actually a human baby. This human baby mummy was a part of Maidstone Museum Collection and was studied by the Computerized Tomography. The study was conducted at Kent Institute of Medicine and Surgery, and the results literally astounded the experts.

Mummy of a Miscarriage baby

The Collections Manager of the museum Samantha Harris remarked that the scans conducted at KIMS revealed the fact that it was the mummy of a human baby. Further studies conducted also proved that it was the mummy of a miscarriage baby, a 20-week gestation fetus. It is a one of a kind discovery as it is the youngest human mummy to be unearthed. The CT scan actually gave the experts the opportunity to run tests on the mummy. It is believed to be a 2,300 years old mummy, and no damaged has been caused by the scans and tests. Harris also explained that it was only because of the technology which helped identifying and learning about the mummy. Without access to such a technology it was have been impossible to study the baby without causing irrevocable damage from unwrapping.

Speculations of Mummy Being a Love Child

This rare discovery has led to a few speculations that the mummy could have been the love child of an Egyptian pharaoh. However, a spokesman of Maidstone Museum remarked that no such evidence has been found to support this speculation. The museum also stated that further conservation and research will be undertaken to care and respect the mummy as a human child. They consider it their duty to maintain highest standards of ethical responsibility in order to preserve the remains of the mummy. Following the results of this research, another study was conducted on a Maidstone Museum mummy called Ta-Kush, and the results were equally remarkable.

Tests on Other Ancient Remains

The tests conducted on Ta-Kush not only revealed evidence of wisdom teeth, but also helped the experts conclude her age. They also found evidence of a wedge fracture in vertebrae, a symptom which showed that the patient suffered a downward impact. At first the experts though that Ta-Kush was 14 but later tests proved that she was in her mid 20’s. Other tests are being conducted in Liverpool John Moores University to help reveal additional details about this young female mummy. It has been officially declared that the university will further research and conduct additional tests to reconstruct the mummy’s face.

Considering the results of these tests, another research was done on an Egyptian ram’s horn, which was scanned at KIMS hospital. The experts found that it was filled with objects like buttons and necklaces belonging to the Victorian Era.

Could We Live Inside The Moon?

Lava Tubes – Offer Shelter for Long-Lasting Lunar Base

According to a study of networks of lava tubes that tend to twist beneath the lunar surface proposes that they could be much bigger and stable than otherwise presumed. As per researchers displaying the tunnels which has been left from volcanic activity during the moon’s early life, are of the belief that they could probably be up to three miles wide, which has raised the hope for underground bases.

The lava tubes that have been discovered in Iceland and Hawaii tend to be massive tunnels that have been engraved out of the rock due to flowing lava. Some of the geologists are of the opinion that they have been created from steams of magma that ran dry, leaving the channels through the solid rocks.

Scientist are certain that the same structures would probably be located under the lunar surface depending on minute gravitational changes as well as images of openings of caves collected from lunar orbiteers. Should the lava tubes found tend to be stable, they could offer shelter for long-lasting lunar base which would be beneficial in overcoming issues regarding potential hazards envisaged by a base on the surface, inclusive of the risk of meteorites together with the increased solar radiation owing to the lack of protective atmosphere.

Structurally Stable

Researchers from Purdue University in Indiana utilised computer modelling procedures in analysing how huge these tunnels could probably grow. The conditions, on Earth would mean that the tubes tend to be frequently limited to 30 metres across though the gravitational evidence recommends on the moon could be much larger.

With the use of estimates of rock density from moon rock samples, it was presumed that the width of the tubes could be trice the time wider than their height. The conclusion revealed that the stability was based on the width of the tube, the thickness of the roof as well as the physical stress on the rock.

The researchers had explained in a paper to be published in the journal Icarus that if adequately deep, the conditions of the lunar could probably generate caverns of kilometres wide. They further explained that `the theoretical maximum size of a lunar lava tube depends on various factors, though given sufficient burial depth (500 m) and an initial lithostatic stress state, the results indicate that the lava tubes up to 3 miles (5 km) wide could be capable of remaining structurally stable’.

Lunar Base – Twice a Commercial Mining Base

The evaluations surpasses the earlier sizes placed forward by the group during the 2015 conference which had indicated that the tubes 0.6 miles (1 km) in diameter would be adequately stable in housing permanent bases below the surfaces. NASA scientists, earlier in the year had calculated that there was a possibility of returning to the surface of the moon within the next five to seven years at a total cost of around $10 billion.

In sequences of paper the experts of spaceflight had debated the costs of building lunar bases would be much less than anticipated with a substantial commercial value there. They state that a lunar base could be twice a commercial mining base enabling the resources of the moon to be exploited. According to the evidence, it indicates that the moon could be a rich source of water ice, rare metals together with rare isotope of helium.